ENA (Extractable Nuclear Antigens)

What does the ENA test detect?

An extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) panel is a test that identifies autoantibodies in the blood that interact with proteins located within the cell nucleus. These proteins are termed "extractable" because they can be extracted from cell nuclei using saline solution, and the panel typically includes six main proteins: Ro, La, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, and Jo1.

How is the test used?

The ENA panel can serve as a subsequent test after a positive ANA test to assist in the diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder. It may also be employed to differentiate between various autoimmune conditions and to track the progression of autoimmune diseases.

What are the signs and symptoms of autoimmune disorders?

The signs and symptoms of autoimmune disorders can vary widely and affect various body parts. Common manifestations can include:

1. Sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light
2. Fever and ongoing fatigue
3. Raynaud's phenomenon
4. Skin rashes
5. Hair loss, including scalp hair
6. Muscle discomfort
7. Swelling and/or pain in the joints
8. Presence of protein in the urine
9. Neurological symptoms such as seizures, depression, or psychosis
10. Hemolytic anemia (reduced red blood cell count) or leukopenia (reduced white blood cell count)

What does the test result show?

Autoimmune diseases are usually diagnosed by considering the distinctive signs and symptoms, along with the results of autoantibody tests. ENA panel outcomes play a crucial role in identifying and differentiating various autoimmune disorders. Research has indicated that these autoantibodies are often present in individuals with specific autoimmune conditions, while they are less frequently found or absent in those without such disorders.

If a person is experiencing symptoms but the autoantibody is not detected, it could suggest that the symptoms are attributable to a different underlying condition.